Sapphire Windows, featuring reliable mechanical/thermal/chemical robustness, large dielectric constants, and broad optical transmission from 150-5500nm, are excellent as both optical windows and protective windows in application contexts of more stringent requirements and extreme conditions.

The most distinctive feature of the sapphire is its unrivaled hardness and ruggedness. The Mohs Hardness of Sapphire is 9, and it is the second hardest material that exists, ranking next to diamond. Sapphire windows are in extreme resistant to scratches and abrasions sapphire windows can, on few occasions, be damaged using other materials other than sapphire itself. This means sapphire windows could ensure clear optical apertures and maintain lucid sights even under attack sand /grit and are exquisite for applications that will encounter splattering abrasive particles, such as drilling viewport windows, protective laser processing windows, and gun sights.

Due to the firm internal covalent bonding of sapphire, windows made from sapphire could be manufactured into much thinner pieces without fracture than the counterparts made from dielectric materials, and capable of withstanding high pressure. For instance, sapphire windows are often selected in avigation and deepwater contexts.

Furthermore, sapphire is high-temperature-tolerable with a working temperature limit of up to 1600℃ and a melting point of 2000℃. Its high thermal conduction also endows sapphire windows with a unique advantage in handling high-temperature situations compared to other optical materials. Sapphire windows, therefore, are great options for high-temperature plasma chambers, combustion chambers, etc.

Sapphire windows contain solid chemical inertia to common acids/alkalines, with the sole exception being hot caustic salts. Sapphire outperforms other materials in coping with corrosive chemicals and erosive atmospheres, hence expanding the usage of sapphire windows into the domain of pharmaceuticals, medicines, and chemical facilities. 

Besides, sapphire windows' broad spectral transmission encompasses 150nm-5500nm. Compared with the two common optical glass materials N-BK7 and UV Fused Silica, the transmission spectrum of N-BK7 is 350nm-2200nm, and UV Fused Silica 200-2200nm, sapphire excels N-BK7 with better UV functions and broader IR transmission and UV Fused Silica with less IR absorption. Sapphire windows could be utilized in critical optical operations of multi-spectrum.

North Optics offers various forms of Sapphire Windows made of Single Crystal Sapphire. Our single crystal sapphires are grown using the KY (Kyropoulos) method, delivering materials of high purities without visible fractures, bubbles, and sub-grain. Large aperture sapphire windows with diameters up to 300mm are available, and surface qualities of 60/40, 40/20, 20/10, and Scratch/Dig are optional according to the precision requirements of your interest. We are also capable of providing high-precision ultra-thin sapphire windows with a large diameter-to-thickness ratio.

Blank sapphire substrates and windows coated single film MgF2 coatings and other AR coatings could also be furnished to increase transmission. Z-cut sapphire windows with the c-axis parallel to the optical axis to avoid birefringence in critical optical uses, and random-cut sapphire windows are both available. With state-of-the-art technologies, you can experience optical excellence with a diverse range of sapphire window products: Optical Sapphire Windows (flat circular, flat rectangular, sapphire wedge windows, sapphire step windows), Protective Sapphire Laser Windows, sapphire windows for sight glass and packages of machine interiors, metalized sapphire windows with nickel, chrome, and gold films on the window edges. Besides, you might also read more about our off-the-shelf sapphire windows.

Available Sapphire Window Kinds:

1. Optical Sapphire Windows:

Various shapes and forms of flat sapphire windows (circular, rectangular) and sapphire wedge windows, sapphire step windows are available in North Optics. The sapphire wedge windows comprise two unparallel planes and are utilized to deflect the incident beam to a specified direction at a certain deflection angle. Sapphire step windows are designed with stepped structures to ease the mounting onto certain mechanics (e.g. flanges).

2. Protective Sapphire Laser Windows:

Sapphire Protective Laser Windows are often utilized in laser processing as the front optic, protecting the laser lens from spattering substances during the processing course. Single crystal sapphire windows are suitable for the purpose due to their high-temperature endurance, outstanding mechanical hardness, and insusceptibility to high-power laser-induced damages. 

North Optics provides sapphire laser windows with standardized specifications compatible with the laser machines from the world-leading laser producers. AR coatings with high thermal damage thresholds are procurable. 

3. Other Special Sapphire Windows:

Sapphire windows could also be utilized as the sight glass and packages of machine interiors, insulating the machines from potential impairments resulting from high pressure, high temperature, chemical corrosion, etc. in applications such as underwater detection, high-pressure containers, oil deposit testing, and chemical operations.

North Optics offers High-pressure Protective Sapphire Windows, Deep Water Sapphire Windows, Corrosion-resistant Sapphire Tubes, and Sapphire Watch Glasses.

4. Metalized Sapphire Windows:

Metalized sapphire windows are furnished with metal films around the edges to enable hermetic soldering into metal housings. Metalized windows are often incorporated into endoscopes. 

North Optics provides metalized sapphire windows of common endoscopic dimensions.

Application Notes: C-cut and Random-Cut Sapphire Windows:

The orientation of a crystal is a vector describing a random line connecting two nodes on the lattice. Due to the anisotropic nature of crystals, the distribution and the arrangement manner of the atoms change along different directions or upon different lattice planes. The result of this is that the properties and behaviors, even of the same crystals, but with different orientations will differ to a significant extent. This is the reason of choosing the proper orientations and cutting planes of crystals is critical when using crystals to produce various components and elements. 

The Sapphire crystals utilized to produce sapphire windows of different functions will be grown and cut/sliced with an engineered orientation, and the orientation is often determined because it will optimize the crystal’s performance to achieve the intentions of interest.

The lattices within the sapphire are arranged in a hexagonal structure. When a sapphire element is produced, the direction of its inner architecture affects the functionalities of the element.

Figure 4.The Lattice Structure of Sapphire and Common Sapphire Crystal Orientations

C-Cut Sapphire Windows has an orientation index of (0001). The sapphire is cut in a direction perpendicular to the c-axis. The c-axis is the optical axis of sapphire. light projected along the direction of the optical axis will not encounter birefringence. In practice, the light will be incident with a perpendicular angle to the apertures of the sapphire windows, which means the light will travel inside the sapphire windows parallel to the optical axis, eliminating the birefringence effect. C-cut sapphire windows are often chosen for critical optical missions (e.g. laser windows). C-cut sapphire is sometimes called zero-degree sapphire, or z-cut sapphire.

There are also Random-cut Sapphire Windows. Random-cut implies the element is cut or sliced with no specific regard to directions, it might contain any orientations. This orientation is common because of lower costs and is acceptable if there are no stringent requirements about optical or mechanical qualities. However, as mentioned above, because the behavior of sapphire varies depending on orientations, random orientation might be subject to spontaneous variations of strength and other properties in the final product.

Before the cutting or slicing procedure, sometimes the manufacturer would grow the bulk sapphire crystal of a specific orientation. For example, the bulk sapphire designated to produce a c-cut sapphire window will be grown with an orientation that maximizes the utilization efficiencies of the c-planes.

Curves:

1. Transmission of Sapphire Windows without Coating at UV to 1100nm

2. Transmission of Sapphire Windows without Coating at 2.5μm to 8.0μm